Attitudes and action: comparing the responses of mid-level bureaucrats to the Holocaust

This article explores the "bystander" in Holocaust history by comparing the response to the genocide of the Jews from three countries ordinarily grouped together in that category of Holocaust historiography: the United States, Great Britain and Sweden. The article compares not the top leadership of the three nations, but rather sub-Cabinet level officials serving in the respective foreign ministries. Emphasis is placed on detailing Sweden's response because its case is far less well known than that of the other two.