Ashkenaz of the south: Hungarian Jewry in the long nineteenth century

Before 1919 the Jewish populations of Hungary and Poland formed the two largest Ashkenazi communitites in Europe. Antisemitism prevailed in Hungary from the earliest twentieth century until World War II. Xenophobia was more important in Polish lands than in Hungary since the majority of Jews could be identified as foreigners by culture, language, custom and religion before the Holocaust. Predatory antisemitism was widespread in both societies