use and abuse of medial research ethics: The German Richtlinien/guidelines for human subject research as an instrument for the protection of research subjects - and of medical science, ca. 1931-1961/64

The German Richtlinien of 1931 were an early normative document on the ethical issues of human subject research. They were not legally binding but represented a reference for the ethical standards of medical research. The guidelines were clearly disregarded in the context of coerced research on vulnerable groups.