modern Haman: ghetto diary writers' understanding of Holocaust perpetrators

Yiddish diarists writing in the Warsaw &Lodz ghettos in World War II drew on a long history of Jewish responses to persecution. They reached for biblical and historical comparisons, but ultimately concluded that the Holocaust surpassed anything Jews had previously experienced. Their evaluations of the perpetrators mark a shift in Jewish responses to catastrophe that sets an example for how we might think about blame, threat, humanity and agency within the context of ghetto life during the Holocaust