Between Poland and Hungary: the process of Jewish integration from a comparative pespective

In the wake of the First World War, Poland and Hungary became independent states. Poland which for some 130 years had been partitioned between Russia, Austria and Prussia, now gained independence from the defunct Habsburg empire, but its boundaries were greatly reduced. The two states were supposed to function as democracies and respect the rights of their minorities. Jews were targeted by a policy of exclusion, and Jewish integration was endangered during the interim period