Antisemitism in Tsarist Russia: a study in government-fostered antisemitism

The distinctive characteristics of antisemitism in tsarist Russia were determined by the fact that Russia was 150 years behind the nations of Western Europe. Until the the end of the monarchy in 1917, Russia and Rumania were the only countries. where antisemitism was part of official government policy. Governmen-inspired antisemitism existed in Russia even before the quesstion of the "Jewish problem" arose