Deals with the deportation of Jews from Bukovina and Bessarabia and the massacre near Yampol Bridge. Asks, had a decision to annihilate East European Jewry already been reached before the attack on the Soviet Union, or was the systematic mass murder a process of successive radicalization on the spot, a chain of evolving events that might falsely appear to the observer after the fact as the realization of some antecedent "grand design."