To those involved in culture, science and art, March '68 remains predominantly a pogrom against the intelligentsia. The mass media attacked writers and scientists with particular viciousness. After World War II, many Jews started co-operating with the communists and their Soviet patrons. A large part of the Polish population considered the Red army liberation as a change of occupiers, Soviet instead of Nazis. Co-operation with the new authorities was treated as collaboration. The new, communist antisemitism drew on the older, cultural, social, economic and religious antisemitism. The post-March emigration is exceptional because those who left Poland were educated, and Polish culture suffered serious losses due to this wave of emigration