With the emergence of radical Islam in recent decades, the question of the relationship between antisemitism in Europe, and hatred of the Jews in Muslim, Arab and Persian societies has remained the subject of intense political discussion. Until recently, the impact of Nazism and fascism outside Europe was less examined. In recent years there is an interest in Nazi Germany's efforts to spread its ideology and policies in the Arab, Persian and Muslim countries. As a result of recent research there is a better understanding of the cooperation that took place in wartime Berlin between pro-Nazi Arab exiles and Nazi leaders.