Kuntz estimates that more than 3,000 German Jews resisted the Nazis between 1933-1945, 2,000 of whom were actively involved in leftist groups. Between 1933 and 1936, 7,000 German Jews emigrated to Palestine. This was no longer possible after October 1941. In Austria, after the 1938 Anschluss, 130,000 Austrians fled the country. Many of the Jews who remained continued to resist Nazi efforts to disenfranchise, expel and annihilate them. About 600-700 Austrian Jews survived in hiding, mostly in Vienna