On October 6, 1943, there was a directive for a roundup of Rome's Jews, who were to be deported to Auschwitz. The revisionists (Susan Zucotti and Robert Katz) charge that the Pope knew of the proposed roundup and did nothing to stop it or prevent the deportation. In defending the Pope the author writes "the Pope had an acute understanding of power- its possibilities and limitations". Thousands of Jews sheltered in church institutions, and Vatican officers were urged to help all refugees