Jews in France resisted Nazi Germany in numerous ways ranging from documenting the crimes perpetrated against them, to fostering a spirit of Jewish communal identity, to rescuing and hiding children, to armed commando raids against military targets. Lack of recognition of the role of Jews in resistance in France partly arises from the narrow understanding of resistance forged in the postwar era when French national identity was being forged and reconstructed against the ideal of unified resistance to the Nazi aggressor.